How does skeletal muscle affect blood flow

Contracting muscle consumes large amounts of oxygen to replenish ATP that is hydrolyzed during contraction; therefore, contracting muscle needs to be able to increase its blood flow and oxygen delivery to support its metabolic and contractile activities. As in all tissues, the microcirculation, particularly small arteries and arterioles , is the most important site for the regulation of vascular resistance and blood flow within the muscle. Like cardiac muscle, each muscle fiber cell is surrounded by several capillaries.

This reduces diffusion distances for the efficient exchange of gasses O 2 and CO 2 and other molecules between the blood and the skeletal muscle cells. The figure below shows how blood flow changes during phasic contractions. An example of this would be measuring brachial artery inflow during rhythmical contraction of the forearm. Mechanisms of causal interaction between short-term RR interval and systolic arterial pressure oscillations during orthostatic challenge.

Porta, A. Causal relationships between heart period and systolic arterial pressure during graded head-up tilt. IEEE , — Assessing causality in brain dynamics and cardiovascular control. London A Math. Schreiber, T. Measuring Information Transfer. Vicente, R. Transfer entropy — a model-free measure of effective connectivity for the neurosciences.

Information domain approach to the investigation of cardio-vascular, cardio-pulmonary, and vasculo-pulmonary causal couplings. Valenza, G. Sugihara, G. Detecting Causality in Complex Ecosystems. Ye, H. Distinguishing time-delayed causal interactions using convergent cross mapping.

Causality studied in reconstructed state space. Examples of uni-directionally connected chaotic systems. McCracken, J. Convergent cross-mapping and pairwise asymmetric inference. E - Stat. Nonlinear, Soft Matter Phys. Heskamp, L. Convergent cross mapping: a promising technique for cerebral autoregulation estimation.

S20 Schiecke, K. Verma, A. In Computing in Cardiology — Blaber, A. Cardio-postural deconditioning: A model for post-flight orthostatic intolerance. Convergent Cross Mapping: Basic concept, influence of estimation parameters and practical application. Pan, J. Carrington, C. Spontaneous baroreflex sensitivity in young and older people during voluntary and electrically evoked isometric exercise.

Age Ageing 31 , — Kennel, M. Determining embedding dimension for phase-space reconstruction using geometrical construction. A 45 Genthon, N. Stroke 39 , — Langhorne, P. Motor recovery after stroke: a systematic review.

Lancet Neurol. Riemann, B. Download references. Ajay K. You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar. All authors read, edited, and approved the final manuscript for publication. Correspondence to Kouhyar Tavakolian. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4. Reprints and Permissions. Sci Rep 7, Download citation. Received : 19 October Accepted : 23 February Published : 27 March Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content:.

Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article. Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative. Scientific Reports Journal of Nuclear Cardiology Diabetology International By submitting a comment you agree to abide by our Terms and Community Guidelines. If you find something abusive or that does not comply with our terms or guidelines please flag it as inappropriate. Advanced search. Skip to main content Thank you for visiting nature.

Download PDF. Subjects Biomedical engineering Cardiovascular biology. Abstract The causal interaction between cardio-postural-musculoskeletal systems is critical in maintaining postural stability under orthostatic challenge. Introduction Stable upright posture is achieved through numerous complex physiological interactions 1. Full size image. Figure 2. Discussion Although the role of the interaction between physiological systems is well-known for the maintenance of stable upright posture, the directional information flow between such systems, in order to compensate for external perturbation to achieve postural stability is not generalized.

Figure 5: Two primary pathways of causal information flow. Conclusions The current study has following conclusions. Limitations and Future Work The limitation of the current study was the unavailability of the center of pressure data COPr in the elderly group, as a result, the effect of aging on cardio-postural control loop was not generalized, however, this shall be explored in the future work.

Additional Information How to cite this article: Verma, A. References 1 Borghese, N. Article Google Scholar 2 Bruner, M. Google Scholar 5 El-Bendary, N. Google Scholar 6 Shaw, B. Article Google Scholar 7 Do, M. Article Google Scholar 14 Teasdale, N. Article Google Scholar 17 Garg, A. Article Google Scholar 23 Chen, C. Article Google Scholar 25 Porta, A. Article Google Scholar 27 Porta, A. Article Google Scholar 28 Porta, A. Article Google Scholar 33 Valenza, G. This increase in pressure drives the blood towards the heart.

The skeletal muscles of the legs are particularly important skeletal muscle pumps as they prevent pooling of the blood in the feet and calves due to gravity. Skeletal Muscle Pump : During contraction of the skeletal muscle the vein is compressed which increases blood pressure. Due to the presence of one way valves the blood can pass only in one direction, back towards the heart. It is unclear whether the action of skeletal muscle pumps influences arterial flow or if this is maintained purely by the pumping of the heart.

Following repeated stimulus such as through exercise, the number of capillaries present in a muscle tissue can increase. This vascular recruitment increases the capillary surface area within a muscle, allowing for enhanced oxygen exchange with the muscle fibers, prolonging the period of aerobic respiration and thus muscle output, and facilitating a more rapid removal of inhibitory waster factors such as lactic acid, reducing fatigue.

Learning Objectives Summarize the factors involved in blood flow to skeletal muscles. Key Points The circulatory system is closely associated with skeletal muscle to provide efficient transfer of oxygen and nutrients required for contraction and the removal of inhibitory waste products.

Return of blood to the heart, especially from the legs, is facilitated by the skeletal muscle pump.